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====== The 2007 USGS Model for South East Asia ======
The 2007 USGS seismic hazard model for South East Asia is described in the report by [[sea2007_intro#References |Petersen et. al. 2007]] (see also [[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/?source=sitenav|the USGS Website]]). Here we present a description of the OpenQuake-engine implementation of the model.
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=====Basic Datasets=====
==== Earthquake catalogue ====

The earthquake catalogue was compiled using instrumentally recorded earthquakes from four global catalogues: 
  * The Centennial catalogue (Engdahl and Villaseñor, 2002) [[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/data/centennial/|link]]; 
  * The EHB catalogue (Engdahl et al., 1998) [[http://www.isc.ac.uk/ehbbulletin/|link]]; 
  * The USGS/NEIC catalogue (http://neic.usgs.gov) and; 
  * The ISC catalogue (http://www.isc.ac.uk).

===== The Seismic Source Model =====
The seismic source model employs different seismic source typologies to model seismicity occurring in different tectonic settings. Gridded seismicity is used to model both spatially variable seismicity as well as zones of uniform seismicity. Fault sources are instead used to model shallow crustal faults and large subduction interface faults.\\

Gridded seismicity models are implemented as collections of point sources (following the NRML [[https://github.com/gem/oq-nrmllib/blob/master/examples/source_model/point-source.xml|pointSource]] definition). Crustal and subduction interface faults are instead modeled as simple (NRML [[https://github.com/gem/oq-nrmllib/blob/master/examples/source_model/simple-fault-source.xml|simpleFaultSource]]) and complex fault sources (NRML [[https://github.com/gem/oq-nrmllib/blob/master/examples/source_model/complex-fault-source.xml|complexFaultSource]]) when associated to a Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency distribution, while as characteristic fault sources (NRML [[https://github.com/gem/oq-nrmllib/blob/master/examples/source_model/characteristic-source.xml|characteristicFaultSource]]) when associated to a Characteristic model.\\

The entire source model can be divided into a number of sub-models:
  * Active shallow crust gridded seismicity
  * Subduction intraslab gridded seismicity
  * Stable continental crust gridded seismicity (Sunda intraplate)
  * Active shallow crust faults
  * Subduction interface faults

The map below depicts the annual occurrence rate per source (between minimum and maximum magnitudes) for the different source models included in the hazard model. Click the //show map layers// icon to view different source models and base layer maps.
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<olmap id="olmap" width="900px" height="500px" lat="5.0" lon="105.0" zoom="3" statusbar="1" toolbar="1" controls="1" poihoverstyle="0" baselyr="osm" gpxfile="" kmlfile="" geojsonfile="">
</olmap>

<olmap_osmlayer id="olmap" name="ASC-point sources" url="http://tilestream.openquake.org/v2/hazard_SEA07_input_asc_point/${z}/${x}/${y}.png" visible="true" attribution="South East Asia 2007 Grid (shallow active) Model"></olmap_osmlayer>

<olmap_osmlayer id="olmap" name="ASC-fault sources" url="http://tilestream.openquake.org/v2/hazard_SEA07_input_asc_simplefault/${z}/${x}/${y}.png" visible="true" attribution="South East Asia 2007 Fault (shallow active) Model"></olmap_osmlayer>

<olmap_osmlayer id="olmap" name="SCC-point sources" url="http://tilestream.openquake.org/v2/hazard_SEA07_input_scc_point/${z}/${x}/${y}.png" visible="true" attribution="South East Asia 2007 Grid (stable continental) Model"></olmap_osmlayer>

<olmap_osmlayer id="olmap" name="SubInterface-complexfault sources" url="http://tilestream.openquake.org/v2/hazard_SEA07_input_subinterface_complexfault/${z}/${x}/${y}.png" visible="true" attribution="South East Asia 2007 Fault (SubInterface) Model"></olmap_osmlayer>

<olmap_osmlayer id="olmap" name="SubIntraslab-point sources" url="http://tilestream.openquake.org/v2/hazard_SEA07_input_subintraslab_point/${z}/${x}/${y}.png" visible="true" attribution="South East Asia 2007 Grid (SubIntraslab) Model"></olmap_osmlayer>


<html>
<div class='my-legend'>
<div class='legend-title'>Total occurrence rate <br> (number of events / year)</div>
<div class='legend-scale'>
  <ul class='legend-labels'>
<li><span style='background:rgb(30, 92, 179);'></span>< 1e-6</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(25, 181, 241);'></span>1e-6 - 1e-5</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(0, 255, 255);'></span>1e-5 - 1e-4</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(100, 229, 50);'></span>1e-4 - 1e-3</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(255, 255, 0);'></span>1e-3 - 1e-2</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(252, 199, 7);'></span>1e-2 - 1e-1</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(255, 128,  0);'></span>1e-1 - 1</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(255, 0, 0);'></span>1 - 10</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(255, 0, 255);'></span>>= 10</li>
  </ul>
</div>
</div>

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  .my-legend .legend-title {
    text-align: left;
    margin-bottom: 5px;
    font-weight: bold;
    font-size: 80%;
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  .my-legend .legend-scale ul {
    margin: 0;
    margin-bottom: 5px;
    padding: 0;
    float: left;
    list-style: none;
    }
  .my-legend .legend-scale ul li {
    font-size: 80%;
    list-style: none;
    margin-left: 0;
    line-height: 18px;
    margin-bottom: 2px;
    }
  .my-legend ul.legend-labels li span {
    display: block;
    float: left;
    height: 16px;
    width: 30px;
    margin-right: 5px;
    margin-left: 0;
    border: 1px solid #999;
    }
  .my-legend .legend-source {
    font-size: 70%;
    color: #999;
    clear: both;
    }
  .my-legend a {
    color: #777;
    }
</style>
</html>
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===== The Ground Motion Model =====
The ground motion model distinguishes between four main tectonic regions:
  * Active Shallow Crust
  * Stable Continental Crust
  * Subduction Interface
  * Subduction Intraslab
For each tectonic region, various GMPEs are used to account for epistemic uncertainties.

|< 25em 80% >|
| **Active Shallow Crust**                | **Weight**  |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/boore_atkinson_2008.html
|Boore and Atkinson 2008]]                 | 0.333       |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/campbell_bozorgnia_2008.html
|Campbell and Bozorgnia 2008]]             | 0.333       |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/chiou_youngs_2008.html
|Chiou and Youngs 2008]]                   | 0.333       |

|< 25em 80% >|
| **Stable Continental Crust**                       | **Weight**  |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/toro_1997.html
|Toro et. al. 1997]]                               | 0.25        |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/frankel_1996.html
|Frankel et. al. 1996]]                            | 0.125       |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/campbell_2003.html
|Campbell 2003]]                                   | 0.125       |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/atkinson_boore_2006.html
|Atkinson and Boore 2006  (140 bar stress drop)]]  | 0.125       |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/atkinson_boore_2006.html
|Atkinson and Boore 2006  (200 bar stress drop)]]  | 0.125       |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/tavakoli_pezeshk_2005.html
|Tavakoli and Pezeshk 2005]]                       | 0.125       |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/silva_2002.html
|Silva et. al. 2002]]                              | 0.125       |
 
|< 25em 80% >|
| **Subduction Interface**                | **Weight**  |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/zhao_2006.html
|Zhao et. al. 2006]]                               | 0.5         |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/atkinson_boore_2003.html
|Atkinson and Boore 2003]]                         | 0.25        |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/youngs_1997.html
|Youngs et. al. 1997]]                             | 0.25        |

|< 25em 80% >|
| **Subduction Intraslab**                | **Weight**  |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/geomatrix_1993.html
|Geomatrix 1993]]                                  | 0.5         |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/atkinson_boore_2003.html
|Atkinson and Boore 2003 (Global model)]]          | 0.5        |
=== Reference site condition ===
The NEHRP B/C site condition is assumed to be the reference site conditions for the hazard model. This is equivalent to a Vs30 (shear wave velocity in the uppermost 30 meters) = 760 m/s. Almost all GMPEs utilized for active shallow crust and subduction interface accept Vs30 as prediction variable. The remaining GMPEs are used with coefficients corrected for the B/C site conditions.
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===== Hazard Results =====
==== Hazard maps ====
The figures below represent hazard maps for peak ground acceleration, corresponding to 10% and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years, computed with the OpenQuake-engine.\\

{{:hazard_models:map_south_east_asia_pga_0.1.png?direct&450|}}
{{:hazard_models:map_south_east_asia_pga_0.02.png?direct&450|}}
===== References =====
  * Petersen, M., Harmsen, S., Mueller, C., Haller, K., Dewey, J., Luco. N., Crone, A., Lidke, D., and Rukstales, K., Documentation for the Southeast Asia Seismic HazardMaps, Administrative Report September 30, 2007, U.S. Geological Survey [[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/products/images/SEASIA_2007.pdf |Report]]

  * Wells, D.L., and Coppersmith, K.J., 1994, New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, and surface displacements: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, p. 974–1002. [[http://www.bssaonline.org/content/84/4/974.abstract| Journal Article]]
===== Model Summary Table =====

<wrap info>This table summarises the main characteristics of the original implementation of this model </wrap>

|< 100 5em 60% 40% >|
^ 1          ^ Datasets availability                                                                                                                                                                                  ||
| 1.1        | Earthquake catalogue                                        | Not available. Developed or modified existing catalogs (see pg 17 in [[sea2007_intro#References|Petersen, 2007]])                         |
| 1.2        | Geological database                                         | Fault and fold database for Indonesia given in Appendix C of [[sea2007_intro#References|Petersen, 2007]])                                 |
| 1.3        | Strong-motion database                                      | Not available                                                                                                                             |
| 1.4        | Site characterization database                              | Not available                                                                                                                             |
| //Notes//  |                                                                                                                                                                                                        ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |||
^ 2          ^ **Methodology for model development**                                                                                                                                                                  ||
| 2.1        | Scientific participation (SSHAC levels) and review process  | Level 2                                                                                                                                   |
| 2.2        | Documentation describing model preparation                  | [[sea2007_intro#References|Petersen, 2007]]                                                                                               |
| 2.3        | Codes used for model preparation                            | Not available                                                                                                                             |
| //Notes//  |                                                                                                                                                                                                        ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |||
^ 3          ^ **PSHA input model**                                                                                                                                                                                   ||
| 3.1        ^ Seismic Source Model                                                                                                                                                                                   ||
| 3.1.1      | Area sources                                                | Included (background seismicity)                                                                                                          |
| 3.1.2      | Grid sources                                                | Included (background seismicity)                                                                                                          |
| 3.1.3      | Crustal faults                                              | Included (e.g. Sumatran transform fault)                                                                                                  |
| 3.1.4      | Subduction faults                                           | Included (Sumatran subduction zone)                                                                                                       |
| 3.1.5      | Non-parametric ruptures                                     | Not included                                                                                                                              |
| 3.1.6      | Magnitude-area scaling relationships                        | [[sea2007_intro#References|Wells and Coppersmith, 1994]]                                                                                  |
| 3.2        ^ Ground Motion Model                                                                                                                                                                                    ||
| 3.2.0      | Tectonic regionalisation                                    | Included                                                                                                                                  |
| 3.2.1      | Models for active shallow seismicity                        | Included                                                                                                                                  |
| 3.2.2      | Models for subduction interface                             | Included (Sumatran subduction zone)                                                                                                       |
| 3.2.3      | Models for subduction intraslab                             | Included (Sumatran subduction zone)                                                                                                       |
| 3.2.4      | Models for stable continental regions                       | Included (Sunda plate)                                                                                                                    |
| 3.2.5      | Models for deep non-subduction sources                      | Not included                                                                                                                              |
| 3.2.6      | Models for volcanic areas                                   | Not included                                                                                                                              |
| 3.3        ^ Site Response Model                                                                                                                                                                                    ||
| 3.3.1      | Based on GMPEs                                              | Yes, hazard is computed for a reference soil condition corresponding to NEHRP B/C boundary (Vs30=760 m/s)                                 |
| 3.3.2      | Based on site-response analysis                             | No                                                                                                                                        |
| 3.4        ^ Epistemic uncertainties                                                                                                                                                                                ||
| 3.4.1      | Seismic Source Model                                        | Included                                                                                                                                  |
| 3.4.2      | Ground Motion Model                                         | Included using a logic tree (see  [[sea2007_intro#the_ground_Motion_model| the ground motion model]] section)                             |
| 3.4.3      | Site Response Model                                         | Not included                                                                                                                              |
| //Notes//  |                                                                                                                                                                                                        ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |||
^ 4          ^ **Hazard Input Description**                                                                                                                                                                           ||
| 4.1        | Hazard input document                                       | Not available                                                                                                                             |
| 4.2        | Input files                                                 | Not available                                                                                                                             |
| //Notes//  |                                                                                                                                                                                                        ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |||
^ 5          ^ **Calculation**                                                                                                                                                                                        ||
| 5.1        | Software                                                    | Suite of Fortran and C codes                                                                                                              |
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |||
| 5.2        ^ //Results//                                                                                                                                                                                            ||
| 5.2.1      | Hazard curves                                               | Available for Jakarta and Bangkok (see  [[sea2007_intro#References|Petersen, 2007]])                                                      |
| 5.2.2      | Hazard maps                                                 | Available (created for Sumatra and Java Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand see Appendix C of [[sea2007_intro#References|Petersen, 2007]])  |
| 5.2.3      | Uniform hazard spectra                                      | Not avaliable                                                                                                                             |
| 5.2.4      | Disaggregation                                              | Not avaliable                                                                                                                             |
| 5.2.5      | Stochastic event sets                                       | Not avaliable                                                                                                                             |
| 5.2.6      | Ground motion fields                                        | Not avaliable                                                                                                                             |
| //Notes//  |                                                                                                                                                                                                        ||




===== Download The OpenQuake-engine Input Model =====

The OpenQuake-engine input model (NRML format) can be downloaded at the link provided below - Please read the license and disclaimer attached to the model.   

<color red/white> N.B. This is a model adapted by GEM Hazard Team to the OpenQuake-engine from the original model developed by the USGS. This explains minor differences you might encounter between the results presented in the OpenQuake platform and those disseminated by the original Organisation.</color>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       

[[ https://platform.openquake.org/documents/120| Download]]