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====== The NIED 2012 Seismic Hazard Model for Japan ======

<color red/white>The GEM hazard team is currently working in close collaboration with NIED scientists at the implementation of the 2012 (Model 2) PSHA Model for Japan. A proper implementation of this model requires structural changes to the hazard component of the OpenQuake-engine. These improvements will be added in 2015.</color>

The Japan national models are described in the online reports prepared by the 
<html><a href="http://www.bosai.go.jp/e/" target="_blank">National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED)</a></html>, downloadable from the
Japan Seismic Hazard Information Station [[http://www.j-shis.bosai.go.jp/en/ | website]]. The report for the 2012 version is only available in Japanese; the most recent report available in english is the one describing the 2009 model [[japan_2012_intro#References | Fujiwara et al. (2009)]].

===== The seismic source model =====
The NIED 2012 seismic source model contains different source typologies:
  * Rectangular faults [Type 1]
  * Non-rectangular faults [Type 2]
  * Discretised rectangular source faults [Type 3]
  * Discretised rectangular ruptures without specified fault sources [Type 4]
  * Zoning areas 
 


===== The ground motion model =====

The NIED 2012 ground motion model includes a single ground motion prediction equation, the [[japan_2012_intro#References | Si and Midorikawa (1999, 2000)]] ground motion prediction equation. This ground motion model computes the ground produced by earthquake sources included in three distinct tectonic environments: earthquakes in active shallow crust, subduction interface events and intraslab events. 

===== References =====

  * Fujiwara, H., Kawai, S., Aoi, S., Morikawa, N., Senna, S., Kudo, N., Ooi, M., Hao, K. X., Wakamatsu, K., Ishikawa, Y., Okumura, T., Ishii, T., Matsushima, S., Hayakawa, Y., Toyama, N. and Narita, A. (2009). “Technical reports on national seismic hazard maps for Japan.” Technical note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Vol. 336. 

  * Si, H. and Midorikawa, S. (1999). New attenuation relationships for peak ground acceleration and velocity considering effects of fault type and site condition. J. Struct. Constr. Eng. AIJ 523, 63–70 (in Japanese with English abstract)

  * Si, H. and Midorikawa, S. (2000). New attenuation relationships for peak ground acceleration and velocity considering effects of fault type and site condition. In Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering [[http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/0532.pdf | Online version]]
===== Model summary table =====

This table summarises the main characteristics of the original implementation of this model 

|< 100 5em 60% 40% >|
^ 1          ^ Datasets availability                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ||
| 1.1        | Earthquake catalogue                                                                                  | This model is built using many catalogues most of them available (e.g. Utsu catalogue, JMA catalogue)                              |
| 1.2        | Geological database                                                                                   | Information about faults is distributed though the [[http://www.j-shis.bosai.go.jp/en/|J-SHIS Website]]                            |
| 1.3        | Strong-motion database                                                                                | There's no direct link between a strong motion database and the GMPEs selected for the calculation of hazard based on this model.  |
| 1.4        | Site characterization database                                                                        | The database describing local soil condition is available on the [[http://www.j-shis.bosai.go.jp/en/|J-SHIS Website]].             |
| //Notes//  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |||
^ 2          ^ Methodology for model development                                                                                                                                                                                                         ||
| 2.1        | Scientific participation (SSHAC levels) and review process                                            | The preparation of the model follows a well defined process which involves a large portion of the Japanese scientific community.   |
| 2.2        | Documentation describing model preparation                                                            | Many of the methodologies adopted are described in [[japan_2012_intro#References| Fujiwara et al. (2009)]]                         |
| 2.3        | Codes used for model preparation                                                                      | Not available                                                                                                                      |
| //Notes//  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |||
^ 3          ^ PSHA input model                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ||
| 3.1        ^ Seismic Source Model                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ||
| 3.1.1      | Area sources                                                                                          | Included                                                                                                                           |
| 3.1.2      | Grid sources                                                                                          | Not included                                                                                                                       |
| 3.1.3      | Crustal faults                                                                                        | Included                                                                                                                           |
| 3.1.4      | Subduction faults                                                                                     | Included                                                                                                                           |
| 3.1.5      | In-slab seismicity                                                                                    | Included                                                                                                                           |
| 3.1.6      | Non-parametric ruptures                                                                               | Included                                                                                                                           |
| 3.1.7      | Magnitude-area scaling relationships                                                                  | See Appendix 1 of [[japan_2012_intro#References| Fujiwara et al. (2009)]]                                                          |
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |||
| 3.2        ^ Ground Motion Model                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ||
| 3.2.0      | Tectonic regionalisation                                                                              | Included                                                                                                                           |
| 3.2.1      | Models for active shallow seismicity                                                                  | Included                                                                                                                           |
| 3.2.2      | Models for subduction interface                                                                       | Included                                                                                                                           |
| 3.2.3      | Models for subduction intraslab                                                                       | Included                                                                                                                           |
| 3.2.4      | Models for stable continental regions                                                                 | Not included                                                                                                                       |
| 3.2.6      | Models for volcanic areas                                                                             | Not included                                                                                                                       |
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |||
| 3.3        ^ Site Response Model                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ||
| 3.2.5      | Models for deep non-subduction sources                                                                | Not included                                                                                                                       |
| 3.3.1      | Based on GMPEs                                                                                        | Yes                                                                                                                                |
| 3.3.2      | Based on site-response analysis                                                                       | No                                                                                                                                 |
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |||
| 3.4        ^ Epistemic uncertainties                                                                               ^                                                                                                                                    ^
| 3.4.1      | Seismic Source Model                                                                                  | Included for some sources                                                                                                          |
| 3.4.2      | Ground Motion Model                                                                                   | Not included                                                                                                                       |
| 3.4.3      | Site Response Model                                                                                   | Not included                                                                                                                       |
| //Notes//  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |||
^ 4          ^ Hazard Input Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ||
| 4.1        | Hazard input document                                                                                 |                                                                                                                                    |
| 4.2        | Input files                                                                                           | Available                                                                                                                          |
| //Notes//  | Information describing the input can be downloaded from this website: http://www.j-shis.bosai.go.jp/                                                                                                                                      ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |||
^ 5          ^ Calculation                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ||
| 5.1        | Software                                                                                              | Not available                                                                                                                      |
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |||
| 5.2        ^ Results                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ||
| 5.2.1      | Hazard curves                                                                                         | Available                                                                                                                          |
| 5.2.2      | Hazard maps                                                                                           | Available                                                                                                                          |
| 5.2.3      | Uniform hazard spectra                                                                                | Not available                                                                                                                      |
| 5.2.4      | Disaggregation                                                                                        | Not available                                                                                                                      |
| 5.2.5      | Stochastic event sets                                                                                 | Not available                                                                                                                      |
| 5.2.6      | Ground motion fields                                                                                  | Not available                                                                                                                      |
| //Notes//  | The results of the calculation can be downloaded from this website: http://www.j-shis.bosai.go.jp/                                                                                                                                        ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |||