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====== The 2005 Canada National Seismic Hazard Model ======
The 2005 Canada national seismic hazard model is described in detail by [[canada_2005_intro#References |Adams and Halchuck (2003)]] and [[canada_2005_intro#References |Halchuck and Adams (2008)]]. We report here a description of the OpenQuake-engine implementation of the model.
===== The Seismic Source Model =====
The full probabilistic seismic hazard model is intended to be used as a "robust" model, one in which the hazard at each site is taken as the greatest value of the ground motions defined by several different models. These models are:\\
  * The **Historical** Model (H): Uses relatively small source zones drawn around historical seismicity clusters\\
  * The **Regional** Model (R): Uses larger uniform regional zones, reflecting the wider seismotectonic units\\
  * The **Cascadia (Deterministic)** Model (C): A deterministic model based on the expected ground motions from a M<sub>W</sub> 8.2 earthquake on the Cascadia subduction interface. Due to the expected probabilities of recurrence of such an event (typically on the order of 400 to 600 years), the median ground motion from the scenario earthquake is assumed approximately equivalent to the 5 % probability of exceedance in 50 years, whilst the median plus 1 standard deviation is assumed notionall equivalent to the 2 % probability of exceedance in 50 years.\\
  * The **Stable Floor** Model (F): A simple area source model intended to represent the lowest level of ground motion hazard for the stable intraplate regions of Canada. \\

The H and R models are themselves separated into two different models: East (covering the Eastern and Central Canada) and West (covering Western Canada and the Rocky Mountains). The "robust" model for each site is therefore constructed by taking, for each ground motion intensity measure, the maximum of the four (H, R, C and F) models within each of the two (Eastern and Western) regions. To ensure continuity at the frontier between East and West, the larger of the two respective models is preferred at the site. Both the **Historical** and **Regional** models are composed of area sources, with the only exception of the Queen Charlotte fault (in western Canada)
treated as a fault source.

A more complete implementation of the stable floor model is currently in preparation, but in the meantime users of the model are advised to use those values of the stable floor model provivided by Geological Survey of Canada (Table 4 of OF4459):

All values are reported in (g)
^   ^ PGA ^ Sa (0.1) ^ Sa (0.15) ^ Sa (0.2) ^ Sa (0.3) ^ Sa (0.4) ^ Sa(0.5) ^ Sa (1.0) ^ Sa (2.0) ^  
| 2 % PoE in 50 years | 0.059 | 0.087 | 0.110 | 0.120 | 0.082 | 0.064 | 0.056 | 0.023 | 0.006 |
|10 % PoE in 50 years | 0.021 | 0.031 | 0.040 | 0.044 | 0.033 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.009 | 0.002 |

Earthquake ruptures associated with area sources are assumed to have no spatial extension (that
is point ruptures), while earthquakes on the fault follows a magnitude-length scaling relationship. Area sources are defined as NRML [[https://github.com/gem/oq-nrmllib/blob/master/examples/source_model/area-source.xml|areaSource]] while the Queen Charlotte
fault as NRML [[https://github.com/gem/oq-nrmllib/blob/master/examples/source_model/simple-fault-source.xml|simpleFaultSource]].\\ 

Occurrence rates in each source are defined through a double-truncated Gutenberg-Richter distribution, with minimum magnitude equal to 4.75. Epistemic uncertainties in the magnitude-frequency distribution are captured by the definition for each source of three possible (aGR, bGR) pairs and three possible maximum magnitudes. Each source is also associated to three possible hypocentral depths. 

The map below depicts the annual occurrence rate per source (between minimum and maximum magnitudes) for the historical and regional models. Click the //show map layers// icon to view the different source models and base layer maps.

<olmap id="olmap" width="900px" height="500px" lat="65.0" lon="-100." zoom="3" statusbar="1" toolbar="1" controls="1" poihoverstyle="0" baselyr="osm" gpxfile="" kmlfile="" geojsonfile="">
</olmap>

<olmap_osmlayer id="olmap" name="EAST-Historical - SCC_area" url="http://tilestream.openquake.org/v2/hazard_CAN10-EASTH_input_scc_area/${z}/${x}/${y}.png" visible="true" attribution="Canada 2005 Historical"></olmap_osmlayer>

<olmap_osmlayer id="olmap" name="EAST-Regional - SCC_area" url="http://tilestream.openquake.org/v2/hazard_CAN10-EASTR_input_scc_area/${z}/${x}/${y}.png" visible="true" attribution="Canada 2005 Historical"></olmap_osmlayer>

<olmap_osmlayer id="olmap" name="WEST-Historical - ASC_area" url="http://tilestream.openquake.org/v2/hazard_CAN10-WESTH_input_asc_area/${z}/${x}/${y}.png" visible="true" attribution="Canada 2005 Historical"></olmap_osmlayer>

<olmap_osmlayer id="olmap" name="WEST-Historical - ASC_fault" url="http://tilestream.openquake.org/v2/hazard_CAN10-WESTH_input_asc_simplefault/${z}/${x}/${y}.png" visible="true" attribution="Canada 2005 Historical"></olmap_osmlayer>

<olmap_osmlayer id="olmap" name="WEST-Historical - SubIntraSlab_area" url="http://tilestream.openquake.org/v2/hazard_CAN10-WESTH_input_subintraslab_area/${z}/${x}/${y}.png" visible="true" attribution="Canada 2005 Historical"></olmap_osmlayer>

<olmap_osmlayer id="olmap" name="WEST-Regional - ASC_area" url="http://tilestream.openquake.org/v2/hazard_CAN10-WESTR_input_asc_area/${z}/${x}/${y}.png" visible="true" attribution="Canada 2005 Historical"></olmap_osmlayer>

<olmap_osmlayer id="olmap" name="WEST-Regional - ASC_fault" url="http://tilestream.openquake.org/v2/hazard_CAN10-WESTR_input_asc_simplefault/${z}/${x}/${y}.png" visible="true" attribution="Canada 2005 Historical"></olmap_osmlayer>

<olmap_osmlayer id="olmap" name="WEST-Regional - SubIntraSlab_area" url="http://tilestream.openquake.org/v2/hazard_CAN10-WESTR_input_subintraslab_area/${z}/${x}/${y}.png" visible="true" attribution="Canada 2005 Historical"></olmap_osmlayer>

<html>
<div class='my-legend'>
<div class='legend-title'>Total Occurrence Rate <br> (number of events > Mmin / year)</div>
<div class='legend-scale'>
  <ul class='legend-labels'>
<li><span style='background:rgb(30, 92, 179);'></span>< 1e-6</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(25, 181, 241);'></span>1e-6 - 1e-5</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(0, 255, 255);'></span>1e-5 - 1e-4</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(100, 229, 50);'></span>1e-4 - 1e-3</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(255, 255, 0);'></span>1e-3 - 1e-2</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(252, 199, 7);'></span>1e-2 - 1e-1</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(255, 128,  0);'></span>1e-1 - 1</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(255, 0, 0);'></span>1 - 10</li>
<li><span style='background:rgb(255, 0, 255);'></span>>= 10</li>
  </ul>
</div>
</div>

<style type='text/css'>
  .my-legend .legend-title {
    text-align: left;
    margin-bottom: 5px;
    font-weight: bold;
    font-size: 80%;
    }
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    margin: 0;
    margin-bottom: 5px;
    padding: 0;
    float: left;
    list-style: none;
    }
  .my-legend .legend-scale ul li {
    font-size: 80%;
    list-style: none;
    margin-left: 0;
    line-height: 18px;
    margin-bottom: 2px;
    }
  .my-legend ul.legend-labels li span {
    display: block;
    float: left;
    height: 16px;
    width: 30px;
    margin-right: 5px;
    margin-left: 0;
    border: 1px solid #999;
    }
  .my-legend .legend-source {
    font-size: 70%;
    color: #999;
    clear: both;
    }
  .my-legend a {
    color: #777;
    }
</style>
</html>
\\
===== The Ground Motion Model =====
The ground motion model distinguishes between eastern and western Canada because of the
different properties in the crust. For eastern and central Canada the GMPE model of [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/atkinson_boore_1995.html
|Atkinson and Boore 1995]] is
used. For western Canada the model of [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/boore_1993.html
|Boore et. al. 1993]] is used for shallow crustal sources, while for
deep intraslab sources the model of [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/youngs_1997.html
|Youngs et. al. 1997]] is adopted. Epistemic uncertainties are included by
defining, for each GMPE, a pair of parallel alternative relations, with higher and lower mean
values.

/*
|< 35em 80% >|
| **Eastern and Central Canada: Stable Continental Crust**                | **Weight**  |
|[[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/atkinson_boore_1995.html
|Atkinson and Boore 1995]]| 1.0|

|< 35em 80% >|
| **Western Canada: Shallow Active Crust**                | **Weight**  |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/boore_1993.html
|Boore et. al. 1993]]                             | 1.0        |

|< 35em 80% >|
| **Western Canada: Subduction Intraslab**                | **Weight**  |
| [[http://docs.openquake.org/oq-hazardlib/stable/gsim/youngs_1997.html
|Youngs et al., 1997]]                             | 1.0        |


*/
===== Hazard Results =====
==== Comparison against GSC Canada hazard maps ====
The figures below show hazard map values for peak ground acceleration (for 10% in 50 years probability of exceedance) as computed by GSC and by the OpenQuake-engine.\\
{{:gsc_combined_pga_0pt1_firm_ground.png?direct&450|}}
{{:oq_combined_pga_0pt1_firm_ground.png?direct&450|}}\\
The absolute difference map is shown in the figure below. The largest differences are associated with the Queen Charlotte fault. This is due to the different scaling relationship used in the OpenQuake-engine implementation with respect to the one used by GSC.\\
{{ :gsc_oq_pga_0pt1_abs_diff.png?direct&450 |}}

===== References =====
  * Adams, J. and Halchuck, S. (2003) Fourth generation seismic hazard maps of Canada: Values for over 650 Canadian localities intended for the 2005 National Building Code of Canada. Canada Geological Survey. Open File 4459. [[http://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/geott/ess_pubs/214/214223/of_4459.pdf |Report]]

  * Dragert, H., R. D. Hyndman, G. C. Rogers, and K. Wang, Current deformation and the width of the seismogenic zone of the northern Cascadia subduction thrust, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 653–668, 1994 [[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/93JB02516/abstract| Journal Article]]
 
  * Halchuk, S. and Adams, J. (2008) Fourth generation seismic hazard maps of Canada: Maps and grid values to be used with the 2005 National Building Code of Canada. Canada Geological Survey. Open File 5813 [[http://geoscan.ess.nrcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/starfinder/0?path=geoscan.downloade.fl&id=fastlink&pass=&format=FLDOWNLOADE&search=R=225402 |Report]]

  * Hyndman, R.D., and K. Wang, Thermal constraints on the zone of possible major thrust earthquake failure on the Cascadia margin, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2039–2060, 1993. [[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/92JB02279/abstract| Journal Article]]


===== Model Summary Table =====

<wrap info>This table summarises the main characteristics of the original implementation of this model </wrap>

|< 100 5em 50% 50% >|
^ 1          ^ Datasets availability                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ||
| 1.1        | Earthquake catalogue                                                                                                                             | 2005 model used [[http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/13786e96-58d1-5926-a35e-|SHEEF catalogue]] up to 1991                                                            |
| 1.2        | Geological database                                                                                                                              | Not available. Information for Cascadia comes from  [[canada_2005_intro#References|Hyndman and Wang (1993)]] and [[canada_2005_intro#References|Dragert et al. (1994)]]  |
| 1.3        | Strong-motion database                                                                                                                           | Not available                                                                                                                                                            |
| 1.4        | Site characterization database                                                                                                                   | Not available                                                                                                                                                            |
| //Notes//  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |||
^ 2          ^ Methodology for model development                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ||
| 2.1        | Scientific participation (SSHAC levels) and review process                                                                                       | Level 2                                                                                                                                                                  |
| 2.2        | Documentation describing model preparation                                                                                                       | [[canada_2005_intro#References|Adams and Halchuk (2003)]]                                                                                                                |
| 2.3        | Codes used for model preparation                                                                                                                 | Not available                                                                                                                                                            |
| //Notes//  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |||
^ 3          ^ PSHA input model                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |||
| 3.1        ^ Seismic Source Model                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ||
| 3.1.1      | Area sources                                                                                                                                     | historical (H), regional (R), floor (F) & Cascadia (C)                                                                                                                   |
| 3.1.2      | Grid sources                                                                                                                                     | Not included                                                                                                                                                             |
| 3.1.3      | Crustal faults                                                                                                                                   | Queen Charlotte fault                                                                                                                                                    |
| 3.1.4      | Subduction faults                                                                                                                                | Cascadia (modelled deterministically)                                                                                                                                    |
| 3.1.5      | Non-parametric ruptures                                                                                                                          | Not included                                                                                                                                                             |
| 3.1.6      | Magnitude-area scaling relationships                                                                                                             | Not explicitly defined in defined in  [[canada_2005_intro#References|Adams and Halchuk (2003)]]                                                                          |
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |||
| 3.2        ^ Ground Motion Model                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ||
| 3.2.0      | Tectonic regionalisation                                                                                                                         | Included                                                                                                                                                                 |
| 3.2.1      | Models for active shallow seismicity                                                                                                             | Included                                                                                                                                                                 |
| 3.2.2      | Models for subduction interface                                                                                                                  | Included                                                                                                                                                                 |
| 3.2.3      | Models for subduction intraslab                                                                                                                  | Included                                                                                                                                                                 |
| 3.2.4      | Models for stable continental regions                                                                                                            | Included                                                                                                                                                                 |
| 3.2.5      | Models for deep non-subduction sources                                                                                                           | Not included                                                                                                                                                             |
| 3.2.6      | Models for volcanic areas                                                                                                                        | Not included                                                                                                                                                             |
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |||
| 3.3        ^ Site Response Model                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ||
| 3.3.1      | Based on GMPEs                                                                                                                                   | Yes, The class C site condition (Vs30 between 360-750m/s) is assumed to be the reference site conditions for the hazard model.                                           |
| 3.3.2      | Based on site-response analysis                                                                                                                  | No                                                                                                                                                                       |
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |||
| 3.4        ^ Epistemic uncertainties                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ||
| 3.4.1      | Seismic Source Model                                                                                                                             | Included                                                                                                                                                                 |
| 3.4.2      | Ground Motion Model                                                                                                                              | Included by defining parallel alternative relations, with higher and lower mean values. See page 13 of [[canada_2005_intro#References|Adams and Halchuk (2003)]]         |
| 3.4.3      | Site Response Model                                                                                                                              | Not included                                                                                                                                                             |
| //Notes//  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |||
^ 4          ^ Hazard Input Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ||
| 4.1        | Hazard input document                                                                                                                            | Not available                                                                                                                                                            |
| 4.2        | Input files                                                                                                                                      | Examples in Appendix D of [[canada_2005_intro#References|Adams and Halchuk (2003)]]                                                                                      |
| //Notes//  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ||
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |||
^ 5          ^ Calculation                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ||
| 5.1        | Software                                                                                                                                         | GSCFRISK (a customized version of FRISK88)                                                                                                                               |
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |||
| 5.2        ^ Results                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ||
| 5.2.1      | Hazard curves                                                                                                                                    | Not available (hazard values included in supplement files of [[canada_2005_intro#References|Halchuk, S. and Adams, J., 2008]])                                           |
| 5.2.2      | Hazard maps                                                                                                                                      | Available                                                                                                                                                                |
| 5.2.3      | Uniform hazard spectra                                                                                                                           | Available                                                                                                                                                                |
| 5.2.4      | Disaggregation                                                                                                                                   | Not available                                                                                                                                                            |
| 5.2.5      | Stochastic event sets                                                                                                                            | Not available                                                                                                                                                            |
| 5.2.6      | Ground motion fields                                                                                                                             | Not available                                                                                                                                                            |
| //Notes//  | Results can be accessed interactively from the hazard section of the Earthquakes Canada [[http://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/hazard|website]]                                                                                                                                                                            ||



===== Download The OpenQuake-engine Input Model =====

The OpenQuake-engine input model (NRML format) can be downloaded at the link provided below - Please read the license and disclaimer attached to the model.

<color red/white> N.B. This is a model adapted by GEM Hazard team to the OpenQuake-engine from the original model developed by the Geological Survey of Canada. This explains minor differences you might encounter between the results presented in the OpenQuake platform and those disseminated by the original Organisation. </color>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

The model will be available in the first semester of 2015.